"A Resume is a one to two-page document used for job applications in the US and Canada, focusing on professional experience and skills. A CV (Curriculum Vitae) is a longer, more detailed document used for academic purposes in the US, or as the standard job application document in Europe, UK, and New Zealand."
Knowing the difference is crucial for international applications. If a US job asks for a CV, they usually mean a Resume. In academia, however, a CV must list every publication, grant, and conference.